Interpretazione, trascrizione o traduzione?I dicta testium e il ruolo di mediazione linguistica dei notai (secc. xii-xiv)

Le deposizioni di testimoni sono una fonte di grande interesse per gli storici, perché più di altre tipologie documentarie danno l’impressione di poter venire a diretto contatto con gli uomini e le donne del passato. Non si deve tuttavia dimenticare che esse sono fonti mediate, dipendenti dalla forma e dalle parole scelte dal notaio che le ha messe per iscritto. Sulla base dell’analisi della documentazione pergamenacea milanese, compresa in un arco cronologico che va dalla seconda metà del secolo xii ai i primi decenni del xiv, nell’articolo vengono indagati tre possibili atteggiamenti di mediazione linguistica messi in atto dai notai, che possono interpretare, trascrivere e tradurre le risposte degli interrogati. Ovviamente non si tratta di categorie assolute — il confine tra l’una e l’altra è anzi assai sottile — ma di tre chiavi di lettura che possono aiutarci a comprendere meglio le voci che arrivano dal passato.Les dépositions des témoins sont une source très intéressante pour les historiens, car beaucoup plus que d’autres typologies documentaires, elles semblent nous mettre en contact direct avec les femmes et les hommes du passé. Cependant, il faut rappeler que ce sont des sources indirectes, qui dépendent de la forme et des mots choisis par le notaire qui les a mises par écrit. À partir de l’analyse de la documentation milanaise sur parchemin appartenant à une période comprise entre la deuxième moitié du xiie siècle et les premières décennies du xive siècle, l’article explorera trois attitudes possibles utilisées par les notaires, qui peuvent interpréter, transcrire ou traduire les réponses des personnes soumises aux interrogatoires. Ce ne sont évidemment pas des catégories absolues, mais des interprétations qui peuvent nous aider à comprendre les voix qui viennent du passé.The depositions of witnesses are a very interesting kind of source for historians, because, more than other documental typlogies, they give us the impression to come in contact with women and man of the past. Nevertheless, we must remember that they are mediated sources, strictly related to the form and the words chosen by the notary that put them in writing. On the basis of the medieval documentation produced in Milan between the second half of 12th century and the first decades of the 14th century, the article investigates three possible approaches of lingustic mediation used by notaries, that can interpret, transcribe and translate the answers of those they questioned. Obviously, they are not absolute categories but useful keys to better understand the voices that came from the past

Les cathares de Lombardie et l’Orient : entre sources narratives et documentaires

L’origine orientale de l’hérésie dualiste répandue en Orient dès le xiie siècle a été, ces dernières décennies, au cœur d’un intense débat historiographique : s’agit-il d’une réalité historique ou d’une fabrication polémistique ? L’état bien particulier des sources narratives et documentaires ne permet pas de donner une réponse satisfaisante à cette question, si bien que toutes les hypothèses, même les plus audacieuses, restent ouvertes. L’objectif de cette étude, est d’apporter, à partir de découvertes documentaires récentes, de nouveaux éléments à ce débat afin d’éclairer d’un jour nouveau les informations contenues dans le Tractatus de hereticis d’Anselme d’Alexandrie, l’une des œuvres majeures sur l’évolution historique du catharisme italien et sur ses relations avec l’Orient.L’origine orientale dell’eresia dualista diffusasi in Occidente a partire dal XII secolo è stata negli ultimi decenni al centro di un intenso dibattito storiografico: realtà storica o costruzione polemistica? La particolare situazione delle fonti narrative e documentarie non consente di risolvere in modo soddisfacente la questione e dunque tutte le ipotesi, anche le più estreme, rimangono aperte. Basandosi su recenti scoperte documentarie l’articolo introduce nuovi elementi nel dibattito al fine di gettare nuova luce sulle informazioni contenute nel Tractatus de hereticis di Anselmo d’Alessandria, una delle principali opere sull’evoluzione storica del catarismo italiano e sui suoi rapporti con l’Oriente

Arterial wave dynamics preservation upon orthostatic stress: a modelling perspective

Pressure-flow travelling waves are a key topic for understanding arterial haemodynamics. However, wave transmission and reflection processes induced by body posture changes have not been thoroughly explored yet. Current in vivo research has shown that the amount of wave reflection detected at a central level (ascending aorta, aortic arch) decreases during tilting to the upright position, despite the widely proved stiffening of the cardiovascular system. It is known that the arterial system is optimized when in the supine position, i.e. propagation of direct waves is enabled and reflected waves are trapped, protecting the heart; however, it is not known whether this is preserved with postural changes. To shed light on these aspects, we propose a multi-scale modelling approach to inquire into posture-induced arterial wave dynamics elicited by simulated head-up tilting. In spite of remarkable adaptation of the human vasculature following posture changes, our analysis shows that, upon tilting from supine to upright: (i) vessel lumens at arterial bifurcations remain well matched in the forward direction, (ii) wave reflection at central level is reduced due to the backward propagation of weakened pressure waves produced by cerebral autoregulation, and (iii) backward wave trapping is preserved

Cardiovascular response to orthostatic stress: multiscale modeling with focus on the coronary circulation

Cardiovascular modeling has shown impressive potentialities in understanding and predicting cardio vascular system (CVS) functioning, disorders and response under several conditions. By adopting a recent closed-loop multiscale model of the entire CVS, we computationally investigated the coronary hemodynamics response to passive orthostatic stress elicited by upright head-up tilt (HUT). Beside known CVS consequences following passive upright tilting – such as heart rate and blood pressure augmentation, stroke volume and cardiac output drop – we found that coronary blood flow (CBF) was enhanced by up to 18% at 70◦ HUT, in response to a coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) rise of 26%

E-LEARNING AND DESIGN PRACTICE. Tools and methods for professional learning of strategic design approach

The aim of this paper is to present a new methodology in teaching the strategic design approach combining e-learning with practice activities in a unique process of learning experience. Design is moving its domain area close to the management of the innovation and the company strategy. In this new framework strategic design is a mind-set that drives to answer to the social, economic, environmental challenges. Designers can improve their capacity do adopt this mind-set to be able to operate in this complex context also using specific tools and design methods to understand the user experience and to co-design new solutions. These methods are various and can be taught and learned through various education experiences; a wide range of topics in a constantly changing world render designers as lifelong learners. This new professional framework need a continue learning process that designers need to follow to empower skills, competences, knowledge and abilities. Trough a research activity with a pilot experience, a new teaching methodology has been tested in international high training courses and partially in a training program included in a European project

Making Visible: Valuating the Impacts of Design Intervention for Social Cooperative

The aim of this exploratory paper is to generate a method of evaluating design interventions for organizational change in third sector and to apply this method to an ongoing design research project with a national social cooperative in Italy. The evaluation model is a way to present what changes and impacts that design, especially strategic design, could bring to organisations and how these results could enable organisations to fulfil its missions in a more “human-centered” process. The results will consist of a theoretical framework to evaluate, taking social cooperative as one example, and the applied results in an empirical project. In the future, this framework will be continuously developed in this and also other similar projects

AN IN SILICO-IN VIVO FRAMEWORK FOR THE ACUTE OCULAR AND CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE TO 6° HEAD-DOWN TILT

Ensuring the healthiness of astronauts undergoing long-term missions in space is of primary importance for the aerospace community. Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) has been widely acknowledged to cause severe ocular disorders in astronauts returning from long permanence in weightlessness [1]. In this context, head-down tilt (HDT) has gained large popularity to resemble the cardiovascular response to microgravity, as well as to study SANS [2]. We propose a novel multiscale numerical framework to simulate the acute response to 6° HDBR – with in vivo validation – to help shed light on SANS onset

Physical and mental fatigue reduce psychomotor vigilance in professional football players

PURPOSE: Professional football players experience both physical and mental fatigue. The main aims of this randomized crossover study were to investigate the effect of mental fatigue on repeated sprint ability (RSA), and the effects of both physical and mental fatigue on psychomotor vigilance.METHODS: Seventeen male professional football players performed maximal 20-m shuttle sprints interspaced by incomplete recovery (RSA test). Running speed, heart rate (HR), brain oxygenation and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored during each sprint. The RSA test was preceded by either a 30-min Stroop task to induce mental fatigue (MF), or by watching a documentary for 30 min (CON) in a randomized counterbalanced order. Participants performed a psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) at baseline, after the cognitive task (MF or CON), and after the RSA test.RESULTS: HR and RPE significantly increased, while running speed and brain oxygenation significantly decreased over the repeated sprints (p < 0.001) with no significant differences between conditions. Response speed during the PVT significantly declined after the Stroop task but not after CON (p = 0.001). Response speed during the PVT declined after the RSA test in both conditions (p < 0.001) and remained lower in the MF condition compared to CON (p = 0.012).CONCLUSIONS: Mental fatigue does not reduce RSA. However, the results of this study suggest that physical and mental fatigue have negative and cumulative effects on psychomotor vigilance. Therefore, strategies to reduce both physical and mental fatigue should be implemented in professional football players

Diagnostic accuracy of a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: An international case-cohort study

We conducted an international study of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) diagnosis among a large group of physicians and compared their diagnostic performance to a panel of IPF experts. A total of 1141 respiratory physicians and 34 IPF experts participated. Participants evaluated 60 cases of interstitial lung disease (ILD) without interdisciplinary consultation. Diagnostic agreement was measured using the weighted kappa coefficient (\u3baw). Prognostic discrimination between IPF and other ILDs was used to validate diagnostic accuracy for first-choice diagnoses of IPF and were compared using the Cindex. A total of 404 physicians completed the study. Agreement for IPF diagnosis was higher among expert physicians (\u3baw=0.65, IQR 0.53-0.72, p20 years of experience (C-index=0.72, IQR 0.0-0.73, p=0.229) and non-university hospital physicians with more than 20 years of experience, attending weekly MDT meetings (C-index=0.72, IQR 0.70-0.72, p=0.052), did not differ significantly (p=0.229 and p=0.052 respectively) from the expert panel (C-index=0.74 IQR 0.72-0.75). Experienced respiratory physicians at university-based institutions diagnose IPF with similar prognostic accuracy to IPF experts. Regular MDT meeting attendance improves the prognostic accuracy of experienced non-university practitioners to levels achieved by IPF experts